Important+People+Who+Have+Contributed+to+This+Branch

=B. Aubrey Fisher =

=
B. Aubrey Fisher was a significant contributor to decision making in cognitive psychology, more specifically decision making in small groups. He is the author of Small Group Decision Making. In 1968 he created the Decision Emergence Theory (DET). The Decision Emergence Theory is the stages or process that a group goes to reach an agreement on a decision. Fisher proposed that there were four phases in DET: orientation, conflict, emergence, and reinforcement. ======

=
The first stage, orientation, was the stage where the group is getting to know each other, expressing subtle opinions, and setting roles within the group. Next, was the conflict stage, this is where members of the group start offering alternative decisions, criticism comes into play and the leaders are created. Thirdly, there is the Emergence phase. During this phase the tension between the members is lessened because they are now talking about their opinions. The final stage is when the group all agrees upon a final decision and commits to it. ====== Fishers’ theory is a very helpful approach and explanation on the complex processes that groups (in school, work, committees, etc.) go through to reach a decision.

=Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky = Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky are two important contributors to the study of decision-making. Kahneman was a psychologist and professor at Princeton University’s Department of Psychology. Tversky was a cognitive and mathematical psychologist, considered to be a pioneer of cognitive science. Together they published their prospect theory in 1979. This theory was a psychological alternative to the expected utility theory. The prospect theory describes how people make decisions when their options consist of risks. Kahneman and Tversky believed people would consider the potential losses and gains their decisions may cost them. This theory earned Kahneman with the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in 2002. It was assumed that Tversky would have been awarded as well if he had not passed away in 1996.

=Isabel Briggs Myers = Briggs Myers is an American behavioural psychologist who founded the Briggs Myers Type Indicator. This is a test used in describing one's decision making process based on personality features. It is based on four different bi-polar demensions: thinking/feeling, extroversion/introversion, judgement/perception, sensing/intuition. Although created in 1942, this method is still used today by health professionals, peer support groups, family members etc. to understand eachother and in knowing how to present information to an individual and in helping them learn about their own decision making process. (Griffin 2009).

=Herbert Simon =

Herbert Simon, a Nobel Peace Prize winner, has contributed his theory of "Bounded Rationality" to cognitive psychology's area of decision making. Simon questioned the individual's rational decision making process--in which the individual evaluates all solutions to a problem and then selects the best one. He says individuals are actually limited on their approach to solving problems because their rationality is "bounded," meaning that their final is decision does not encompass all possible solutions but is based on limited information. ("Bounded Rationality" 2011).



=Aron Katsenelinboigen =

Aron Katsenelinboigen was an American profressor from the Ukraine with specialized knowledge in chess, economics, and business. He created the Predispositioning Theory to describe the stage inbetween a complete order and a complete disorder--called a "predisposition"--of systems development (and decision making) involving factors ranging from inconsistent linkages to consistent linkages. He exemplified his theory using the game of chess. Chess pieces are evaluated in two ways: by it's weight in it's position on the chess board and by it's weight independent to any position in particular. These two ways are the consistent and inconsistent linkages used to make decisions in a chess game. ("Predispositioning Theory" 2011).

=Daniel Bernoulli = Mathematician Daniel Bernoulli created the expected utility hypothesis, which played a major role in the study of decision-making. The expected utility hypothesis is the theory that when trying to make a decision it requires determining the utility of each possible result then multiplying the utility by that probability that the result will occur. Bernoulli made the expected utility hypothesis in a way to correct the previous theory of expected value. He took a mathematical approach that would account for risk aversion when making a decision. The expected utility theory also influenced mathematician Neumann and economist Morgenstern to create rational conditions (axioms) to support Bernoulli’s hypothesis.

media type="youtube" key="jEE_KLutnO4" height="390" width="640"

//References// Bounded Rationality. (2011). Retrieved from []

Predispositioning Theory. (2011). Retrieved from []

Griffin, Marianne. (2009). Decision Making: Complexities and Variables. Retrieved from [] Medin, DL, Ross, BH, Markman, AB (2005) Cognitive Psychology (Fourth Edition) New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons University of Louisville and Louisville Presbytarian Theological Seminary. (2009) //2003-Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky.// Retrieved from []

Oregon State (n.d.) Group Decision Making Theories. Retrieved from []

Gator Tutoring. (n.d.) Expected Utility Model. Podcast retrieved from []

Economics Interactive. (2011). //Prospect Theory.// [Photograph]. Retrieved from []

Amazon. (n.d.) //Small Group Decision Making//. [Photograph] Retrieved from []

Markwasi. (n.d.) //Contributors//. [Photograph] Retrieved from []

Wikipedia. (2011) //Daniel Kahneman//. [Photograph] Retrieved from []

Grawemeyer. (2009) //Amos Tversky//. [Photograph] Retrieved from []

Wikipedia. (2001) Daniel Bernoulli. [Photograph] Retrieved from [] What has been found?